Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disease Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstraction:Glucose-6-phospate dehydrogenase lack ( G6PD ) . an X-linked familial disease. is due to the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in ruddy blood cells and its lack can take to haemolytic anaemia. Red blood cells carry O and G6PD protects these cells from natural O chemicals that may construct up when you have a febrility or take certain medicines. If there are excessively many of these oxidative chemicals. they can destruct the ruddy blood cells. doing haemolytic anaemia. The G6PD enzyme catalyzes the oxidization of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate piece besides cut downing NADP+ to NADPH. which is a needed cofactor in many biosynthetic reactions. NADPH maintains glutathione in its decreased signifier that serves as a forager for risky oxidative metabolites in cells. With the aid of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. reduced glutathione besides converts unsafe H peroxide to H20. Red blood cells depend on G6PD activity since it i s their lone beginning of NADPH. We will write a custom essay sample on Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disease Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consequently. people missing G6PD can non take oxidative drugs or usage certain chemicals because their ruddy blood cells undergo rapid haemolysis under this emphasis ( Carter ) . Introduction:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PD ) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate tract. a metabolic tract that supplies cut downing energy to cells. chiefly RBCs. It does this by keeping the degree of the co-enzyme nicotinamide A dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) . NADPH in bend maintains the degree of glutathione in these cells that helps protect the ruddy blood cells against oxidative harm. Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase ( G-6-PD ) lack is the most common disease-producing enzymopathy in worlds. which affects 400 million people worldwide with more than 300 reported discrepancies ( Carter ) . It besides presents with protection against malaria. which most likely histories for its high cistron frequence. Some research has even shown that G6PD seems to diminish the susceptibleness to malignant neoplastic disease. cardiovascular disease. and stroke. G6PD lack is an X-linked recessive inherited disease that preponderantly affects work forces. While it affects all races. there appears to be a higher incidence in people of African. Asiatic. or Mediterranean heritage. The high frequence of type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure in Afro/Caribbeans in the West can besides be straight related to a G6PD lack ( Gaskin ) . The lack is a mutant in the G6PD cistron venue at Xq28. The cistron is 18 kilobases long with 13 coding DNAs. which makes up an enzyme of 515 aminic acids. Most of the mutants are single-base alterations that result in an amino acid permutation. Female bearers can hold a mild signifier of G6PD. which is dependent on the grade of inactivation of the unaffected X chromosome. In the rare instance of homozygous females. there is co-incidence of a rare immune upset called chronic granulomatous disease. G6PD deficient RBCs have a instead reduced life span and at hazard to lyse when faced with oxidative emphasis. Patients with G6PD lack are at hazard of haemolytic anaemia in provinces of oxidative emphasis. This can be in terrible infection. medicine and certain nutrients. Some drugs that can convey on symptoms include: antimalarial agents. acetylsalicylic acid. Macrodantin. quinine. Quinidex. sulfa drugs. and many others. Broad beans contain high degrees of vicine. divicine. convicine and isouramil — all are oxidizers. Recent research has besides shown chemicals like henna. used in dyes for hair and tegument. has besides shown to convey on strong reactions. In provinces of oxidative emphasis. all staying glutathione is consumed. Enzymes and other proteins are later damaged by the oxidizers. taking to electrolyte instability. membrane cross-bonding and phagocytosis and splenetic segregation of ruddy blood cells. The haemoglobin is metabolized to bilirubin. increasing the hazard of icterus. or excreted straight by the kidney. which is known to do acute nephritic failure. Nerve pathway: Discussion:Preservation of the unity of the RBC’s membrane relies chiefly on its ability to bring forth ATP and NADH from glycolysis. NADPH is produced by the pentose phosphate tract and utilised for the decrease of oxidised glutathione to cut down glutathione. Glutathione is indispensable for the remotion of H2O2 and lipid peroxides generated by reactive O species. In normal ruddy blood cells. the uninterrupted coevals of superoxide ion from the nonenzymatic oxidization of haemoglobin provides a beginning of reactive O species. Under normal fortunes. the RBC removes superoxide with superoxide dismutase. which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Glutathione peroxidase reduces the H peroxide to H2O which oxidizes glutathione to the disulfide signifier. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase converts glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphoglucono-?-lactone and is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate tract. In a individual with lacking G6PD. oxidizers react with glutathione doing the cellular degrees of reduced glutathione to fall to such an extent that critical sulfhydryl groups in some cardinal proteins can non be maintained in decreased signifier. In bend. a sufficient sum of NADPH. which is besides required for formation of azotic oxide. is non produced. As a consequence. the tract promotes Heinz organic structure formation. and haemolysis can happen. Heinz organic structures are fundamentally denaturized haemoglobin formed by harm to the haemoglobin constituent molecules and go cross-linked by disulfide bonds. Lack of G6PD in the alternate tract causes the buildup of glucose and therefore there is an addition of advanced glycation terminal merchandises. In decision it is clear to see patients with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase lack must be highly careful in their usage of merchandises that could perchance do oxidative emphasis. However. it seems that is an highly difficult undertaking since there are so many merchandises on the market and unless more research is done it would be impossible to cognize what is safe and what is non. Another hazard lies non merely on the custodies of the patients. but besides on the doctor. Recent research in Iran. where G6PD lack is highly common. was done to prove blood bags used for transfusions or exchange. Samples were taken from 261 blood bags and examined by topographic point fluorescence for G6PD lack. In add-on. patients having blood were examined for haemoglobin. haematocrit. and hematoidin before and after transfusion. They were besides examined for haemoglobinuria. factors involved in haemolysis due to G6PD lack. and oxidizers. The consequences were amazing and showed that 37 of the bloo d bags had the G6PD lack and about 81 % of the transfusion receivers had at least one hazard factor for haemolysis. This merely goes to demo the earnestness involved in monitoring such a status. Plants Cited: Carter SM. Gross SJ. Glucose-6-Phospate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. emedicine. com/med/topic900. htm ; 29 Aug 2005.Gaskin RS. Estwick D. Peddi R. G6PD lack: its function in the high prevalence of high blood pressureand diabetes mellitus. Ethn Dis 2001 ; 11:749-54. PMID 11763298. Nabavizadeh SH. Anushiravani A. The prevalence of G6PD lack in blood transfusionreceivers. Hematology 2007 ; Vol. 12 Issue 1. p85-88.

The Science of Muddling Through Essays

The Science of Muddling Through Essays The Science of Muddling Through Paper The Science of Muddling Through Paper Enz (2010) argue that in order to sustain a competitive advantage, companies should implement innovative ideas rather than limit their actions to what is already known. Successful strategies can emerge in changing times from employees at lower levels of the organization. A strategy is emergent in absence of intentions (Segal-Horn 2004). It is a more intuitive process. Letting strategies emerge means that strategies must evolve incrementally over time, allowing flexibility in the organization, ensuring they are not forced in to specific pre-set action (De Wit and Meyer 2005). The Science of Muddling Through written by Lindblom (1959) initiated this train of thought, suggesting that government policies are not written in a controlled or orderly manner. Further implying policymakers attempt to cope with issues out with their ability. Mintzberg describes strategy as a pattern in a stream of actions and decisions (Mintzberg and Waters 1998, p. 1). He uses the word pattern to explain the fact that strategies do not always follow a chosen plan but may emerge, as a result of the strategists intuition and insight. Furthermore individuals throughout the organization are involved in the emergence of strategy indicating that within the strategic process there are multiple contributors. A lot of emergent theorists argue that strategy does not come from the top. Mintzberg found that the strategy is formed informally, when employees interact with each other (at the coffee machine for example) about the needs of clients. Over time, patterns of behavior can be created in various parts of the organization and will be formalized later (Sloan 2006). Employees, whatever their rank in a business can contribute to strategy process. For example, a group of saleswomen who decide to sell one product in particular can change the firms market position (Segal-Horn 2004). Spender and Strong (2010) also argue that most great ideas for the corporate growth come from the persons who serve the customers and daily fight for the companys success: the employees. Companies that have managed in making innovation part of their strategy did so by using the knowledge and ideas of their employees, whatever the ranks. They did that through what Spender and Strong (2010) call innovation communities. Innovation communities grow from an idea, a desire (for a new product, market and so on) from top management and then a forum of employees work together to implement the project. Many writers, as Spender and Strong (2000) or Thompson and Strickland (2004), believe that it is essential to involve as many people as possible of different ranks and positions, in order to aid adherence for future projects. For example, Eisai Co, the Japanese pharmaceutical company, has organized many innovation communities to consider a new structure of medicine for Alzheimers disease (jelly-like substance, easier to swallow) and devise social programs for the families of Alzheimers victims. All employees participated in this project and spent time with patients because the company believes that it can inspire employees and be at the origin of creative ideas. But the most important and difficult thing is to establish a dialogue where everyone says freely what he thinks, without concerns about hierarchy or fear of being judged. That is why certain measures are taken; for example, ensure that group leaders do not have direct control over wage and promotions of the participants (Spender and Strong 2000). In short, collaborative efforts are very helpful to the implementation of emergent strategy. Peng (2009) also argues that emergent strategy is based on a flow of small decisions from the bottom up. Enz (2010) and Mintzberg et al (1998) believe that top managers need to consider and learn from past mistakes to implement a strategy. This way, the company can avoid making the same mistakes than in the past. Stettinius et al (2005) argue that a strategy, in every organization, should evolve over time in responses to events and learning from experiences. It is a crafting process where lessons are learned from the past which influence the new decisions. Mintzberg (1987) used the metaphor of the potter working the clay to illustrate the process of strategy. In his metaphor, managers are craftsmen and strategy is their clay. The crafting image allows a better understanding of how effective strategies are developed. The potter (and so, the manager) feels things rather than analyze them. Indeed, according to Mintzberg, the potter works the clay to discover new opportunities and has an intimate knowledge of her work. The work of the mind and hands cannot be separated: there is a vital link between think and act (which is different from the design school). Creative strategies evolve through a process of learning (Mintzberg 1987). The danger with that emergent approach is that the objectives lack clarity, they are not well defined. Thus, it is more difficult to evaluate and measure performance (Campbell et al 2002; Mintzberg et al 1998). A strategy can be thought of in two different ways (Enz 2010, Grant 2010, Peng 2009, Lynch 2009): As a long term set of goals designed as an organizational plan which are adhered to or a more adaptable strategy where decisions are made over time in or in conjunction with changing circumstances. However, these two views are not mutually exclusive. The Umbrella Strategy, defined by Mintzberg and Waters (1985), is not only deliberate and emergent but also deliberately emergent because the central leadership creates conditions that allow strategies to emerge. Indeed, leaders have only partial control over the members of the organization. General directives for behavior are defined, but the actors in the organization can operate within these limits: strategies can emerge within these boundaries. Thus, the outlines are deliberate (for example to diversify) but the details can emerge afterward (how, when and so on). The following example, described by Enz (2010) shows how strategic analysis can guide a firm and how emergent strategy leads to creative solutions and new ideas. Starwood Hotels Resorts (Westin brand) began its strategic process by leading a marketing study (600 business executives who travel often were interviewed). The results mainly showed that over 60% believe the most important service a hotel can provide is a good nights sleep. 84 percent said that a luxurious bed would make the room more attractive. Westin then tested the beds from 35 hotel chains and they finally developed its own prototype: the Heavenly Bed (five designed pillows, mattresses and goose down comforter ). The beds, once designed and tested, were introduced with a well-planned marketing strategy. An American daily newspaper published an article on this subject and the same day, 20 Heavenly Bed were lined up on Wall Street. The general manager of Starwood Hotels Resorts invited passersby to try them by proclaiming: Work like the devil, sleep like an angel. During the first week of launching, 32 people called Starwood to ask where they could buy the bed. Westin realized that there was an opportunity. They then put catalogs and order cards in each room, and created a website. 5 years after the launching of Heavenly Bed, 20 000 pillows and 3500 beds ($ 2,965 each) were sold. When Starwood launched this concept the strategy was first deliberate, but the ability to provide retail sales was unexpected. This opportunity led to an emergent strategy and a successful retail strategy. As the example demonstrates, injecting strategic thinking into the strategic planning process is very effective. Strategies are often a mix of deliberate and emergent strategies (Grant 2010, Enz 2010, Peng 2009, Lynch 2009). As Mintzberg and Waters (1985) argue, the purely emergent strategy is as rare as the purely deliberate one. The merely emergent strategy implies that the strategy is made without any control (which can be really risky for a firm) while no learning would take place in a merely deliberate strategy. In every company, these two simultaneous processes are always operating (Stettinius et al 2005, Campbell et al 2002, Grant 2010, Mintzberg and Waters 1985). Basically, strategic management is all that is required to position an organization in order to guarantee its long-term survival. The creative process is an intuitive approach that can lead to a new idea, product, and so one. The strategic management and the creative process, contrary to what we might think, are similar. Indeed, they are consisting of the same four major phases: analysis, creation of objectives, a moment of pure creativity where ideas arise, and control. Finally, strategic management is a creative process (where creativity and analytical thinking are complementary) through which strategy can emerge in response to an evolving situation and, at the same time, can be calculated. In the strategy process, systematic analysis is crucial (within deliberate or emergent strategy). Indeed, for stakeholders, it would not be acceptable to say that the strategy simply emerges. On the other hand, theories and analysis tools cannot be substituted to experience and creativity, which are essential to implement a successful strategy (Grant 2010). However, one strategy could be favored over the other one depending on the market, but both approaches are necessary if an organization wants to succeed: We shall get nowhere without emergent learning alongside deliberate planning (Mintzberg 1996, cited in Enz 2010 p. 158). Reference list Bilton, C. and Cummings, S. 2010. Creative Strategy: Reconnecting Business and Innovation. 3th ed. Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Campbell, D. , Stonehouse, G. and Houston, B. 2002. Business Strategy: An introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. 2005. Strategy Synthesis: Resolving strategy paradoxes to create competitive advantage. 2nd ed. London: Thomson. Dess, G. , Lumpkin, G. T. and Taylor, M. L. 2005. Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantages. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Definition of modeling terms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of modeling terms - Essay Example Spreadsheet engineering is the study of modeling that enables us to plan and develop more complex and detailed business models. The study also facilitates business communication especially performing modeling tasks and accounting statements in effective and efficient manner. Model formulation is to removing needless details and abstracting critical features of the real world. It is a development for making the actual situation understandable, easier and capturing a core objective of solving a real world problem. Decisions are to make up your mind for selecting a way forward keeping in view the possible alternatives. The decision can be taken on the number of items to buy/sell, quantity of items to be manufactured Problem Context is an activity of modeling that explains the fundamental causes and the current situation of the problem raised by the modeler. It should be structured considering the client’s view of the problem so that they can guide to a solution. Model structure is an activity of modeling in which a modeler builds a model by selecting/ inserting items, values and their relationship in the spreadsheets considering options of using model types, breaking the problem into sub-problems. Model assessment is an activity of modeling in which the developed models are evaluated to find out either they are viable, suitable and satisfactoriness keeping in view the problem of the client and objective of their

The Current State of the Wheeler-Lea Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Current State of the Wheeler-Lea Act - Essay Example Still there were some shortcomings, which were corrected by Wheeler Lea act. Congress passed The Wheeler-Lea Act in 1938, a United States federal law, which amended the Federal Trade Commission Act. It gave the FTC the additional responsibility of policing â€Å"deceptive acts or practices in commerce.† In so doing, the FTC tries to protect the public against false or misleading advertising and the misrepresentation of products (Larabee, Robert). So the Federal Trade Commission Act, as modified by the Wheeler-Lea Act, gives new provisions: The Wheeler-Lea Act has not permitted the FTC to control the advertising of self-medication drugs. So there has not been as much improvement in patent medicine advertising as wished. Prescription drugs are policed by the FDA under the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962. Additionally, advertising of restricted medical devices is regulated by the FDA under the Medical Device Amendments of 1976. Most recently, Congress passed a broad reform of the FD&C Act in the Food and Drug Modernization Act (FDAMA), which includes provisions to â€Å"regulate advertising of unapproved uses of approved drugs and devices, and regulate health claims for foods.† There is requirement of prohibition of unfair methods of competition and advertising, in order to protect consumers as well as competition. Many Acts has been passed by U.S government. Wheeler lea Act was a big step in this direction. It regulated advertising, labeling strategies and identification, quality, and fill-of-container for foods and

Quality Indicators for Safe Medication Preparation and Administration Essay Example for Free

Quality Indicators for Safe Medication Preparation and Administration Essay Being passionate about caring and helping others has influenced and inspired me to enter the medical field and has then encouraged me to become a registered nurse in the Philippines. I have worked in a public hospital located in Manila which caters health care services for people presenting infectious and tropical diseases. One day, I had an admission who was diagnosed with an Acute Gastroenteritis secondary to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The doctor ordered a new antibiotic that should be given intravenously. When the antibiotic was already at hand, I administered the medication with the 100ml solution of normal saline to the patient. Afterward, because of a lot of toxicity in the area caused by a large number of patients, I forgot to reassess the patient whom I gave the antibiotic initially. I was surprised when I got back, the patient was already experiencing an allergic reaction to the antibiotic that the skin was flushed and generalized rashes were observed. I referred the patient immediately to the resident on duty and anti-histamine medications were given right away. Because of the incident happened, I felt overwhelmed with fear due to the possible consequences I had in my mind that the patient might suffer. I had been administering antibiotics many times in the past, but this situation made me feel guilty and uneasy. I even questioned myself if I am really that competent enough to do medical interventions to the patients. A nurse’s role is to render a high quality of care at all times. The reactions of the antibiotic would have been prevented if the proper assessment has been executed. Being knowledgeable in interventions especially medication administration is essential in my role, that I felt I didn’t accomplish fully. I documented all that happened to the patient and I made an internal incident report so that the other team members would be well-informed about the situation and also proper endorsements were done. Further errors and complications will be prevented through active management and effective reporting system would ensure patient’s safety. Administration of medicines to individuals who are ill is part of nurse’s responsibility to deliver holistic and optimal care (Veitch Christie 2007). In the Philippines, nurses are required to practice methodical approach that follows local polices. In regards to my own experience, nurses practice 10 rights of medication administration that are intended to protect patients from any misconduct in promoting health. Some of the key things I have learned include developing my time management, multi-tasking, and organizational habits. One of the ways I would change what I did then would be to assess before and after administering certain medication to the patient especially if it’s an initial dose. I am now more cautious and responsible for my actions when delivering holistic care. Although I should’ve reassessed the patient, the experience I have gained from this has made me more mindful of patient’s rights that safeguard patient’s well-being. In the future, I think I would try to deal with this by improving the level of my competence and not neglect the aspects of nursing as a caring profession. I will continue to provide genuine care to the patients through further developing my skills in performing the 10 rights of medication administration. I intend to become more careful and as well as confident when protecting the health of my patients from possible risks of any treatment and health practices. As a registered nurse, I aim to advance my knowledge and skills that will befit the needs of the clients. Therefore, even if this experience for me was a challenge, I took it as an advantage to help me understand the importance of values in nursing and will guide me in tackling different instances and situations in the future.

Labour Party and the New Liberalist Ideas Essay -- social democracy, gr

Social Democracy is a political ideology referring to multiple areas in Europe during the early 20th century. Democracy is a term founded in Greece. A democracy is rule by the people, for the people. A social democracy was formed in the 1870s up until the time of World War I, the ultimate goal of a social democracy in Europe during the time between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II was to create equality through human change and help the people lead themselves into lives of equality. Equality is a goal many nations during the early 20th century were trying to achieve. Social democracy after William returned from World War I and during the interwar period was largely comprised of the New Liberalist ideas and the Labour Movement. England: 1935. Just seventeen years after the ‘end ’ of World War I and less than four years away from the beginning of World War II, England was in the midst of great growth. England had experienced changes in their economy, their politics, and the ways of life of the British people (reword?). Whether these changes were positive or negative, the lives of the British population would have changed immensely. Throughout William’s young adult life, he has lived in different places, and had different jobs. But before World War I, William left France and came back to his homeland, England hoping to find a job. William worked as a shipbuilder while he was in France, but he eventually lost his job . While the cost of living continually rose , William suffered. During the height of World War I, William enlisted in the British army. Years after World War I came to a halt, William was living in England. In the years prior, when William was traveling for work, he felt he ha d no sense of belong... ... . Accessibility: 5 Reliability: 5 Note: This is accessible when one has internet access. The website is very easy to use and it is very reliable. Michie, R. C., and Philip Williamson. The British Government and the City of London in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. Accessibility: 4 Reliability: 5 Note: I had not heard of this author, but the publisher is very well know, which established credibility. I received a copy of this source through the Xavier Library. Overy, Robert. "Strategic Intelligence and the Outbreak of the Second World War." War in History 5.4 (1998): 451-80. Print. Accessibility: 5 Reliability: 5 Note: I had not heard of this author, but after some research I found he is a well know British historian. He has spent most of his time studying World War II.

A raisin in the sun coursework Essay

In this essay I am going to analyse how Lorraine Hansberry presents the transformation of Walter in the play ‘A raisin in the sun’. The pages I’m going to concentrate on are pages 1787 and 1788. A raisin in the sun portrays a few weeks in the life of the Youngers, an African-American family living on the South Side of Chicago in the 1950s. When the play opens, the Youngers are about to receive an insurance check for $10,000. This money comes from the deceased Mr. Younger’s life insurance policy. Each of the adult members of the family has an idea as to what he or she would like to do with this money. The matriarch of the family, Mama, wants to buy a house to fulfil a dream she shared with her husband. Mama’s son, Walter Lee, would rather use the money to invest in a liquor store with his friends. He believes that the investment will solve the family’s financial problems forever. Walter’s wife, Ruth, agrees with Mama, however, and hopes that she and Walter can provide more space and opportunity for their son, Travis. Finally, Beneatha, Walter’s sister and Mama’s daughter, wants to use the money for her medical school tuition. She also wishes that her family members were not so interested in joining the white world. Beneatha instead tries to find her identity by looking back to the past and to Africa. Later on in the play, the Youngers fight over their competing dreams. Ruth finds out that she is pregnant and starts to worry about the financial problems that may happen if she keeps it. Mama puts $3,500 down payment on a house and gives $6,500 to Walter from which he has to give Beneatha some for her medical school tuition. Walter on the other hand doesn’t give Beneatha her share of her money, instead gives it to Willy his friend who runs away with it. The house is in Clybourne Park, an entirely white neighbourhood. When the Youngers’ future neighbours find out that the Youngers are moving in, they send Mr Lindner, from the Clybourne Park Improvement Association, to offer the Youngers money in return for staying away. The Youngers refuse the deal. In the meantime, Beneatha rejects her suitor, George Murchison, whom she believes to be shallow and an assimulationist. Subsequently, she receives a marriage proposal from her Nigerian boyfriend, Joseph Assegai, who wants Beneatha to get a medical degree and move to Africa with him. The Youngers eventually move out of the apartment, fulfilling the family’s long-held dream. Their future seems uncertain and slightly dangerous, but they are optimistic and determined to live a better life. They believe that they can succeed if they stick together as a family and resolve to defer their dreams no longer. Various stage directions are used to show Walter’s feelings for example, when Ruth informs Walter that Mr Lindner is here ‘a long minute passes and Walter slowly gets up’ from his room. This shows that Walter is not eager to meet Mr Lindner so he takes his time. When Walter ‘slowly and awkwardly’ walks out of his room ‘passing the back of his sleeve across his mouth from time to time’ makes him seem as if he is a small chid who is sloppy and awkward. This is how he behaves throughout the play and shows the childish side of him. When Walter ‘looks down at his boys eyes’ he realises that Travis is the 6th generation in his family to live in America and should look to set an example for future generations. While Walter talks to Mr Lindner ‘he looks around and shifts from one foot to the other’ and makes short pauses in his speech showing that he is unsure and frightened about speaking out aloud in front of his family. He tries to get the point across that they are ‘very plain people’. Walter again looks away from Mr Lindner and ‘down at his shoes’ and then back up at him. This shows that he can’t maintain eye contact with Mr Lindner. This makes Walter feel shy because he is speaking to someone who is higher classed and who he feels is superior to him. He again tries to get the point across that they are plain people by telling Mr Lindner their current situation such as how he has been ‘a chauffer’ most of his life and how Ruth is a domestic worker in people’s kitchens. All this confuses Mr Lindner as he doesn’t know what Walter is trying to get across instead he listens to him and see what he has got to say. Walter now starts to tell Mr Lindner how his father ‘almost beat a man to death once because this man called him a bad name or something’. Walter asks Mr Lindner if he knows what he is talking about, he replies ‘no, I’m afraid I don’t’ this makes Walter feel as if he is the only one that understands what it feels like so he gains confidence in himself and straightens up. Walter tries to get another point across by saying that he came from people who had a lot of pride and now they don’t have the same pride. Walter tries to make out that they are still very proud and how his sister is going to be a doctor. Walter contradicts himself as in the beginning when he was arguing with Beneatha he mentioned that being a doctor is more of a males’ role and she wouldn’t be able to become one. Walter now starts to cry while facing Mr Lindner ‘eye to eye’ this makes Walter feel bad about what he has done with the money. Walter now decided to tell Mr Lindner that they are moving into the house because his father had ‘earned it’. This shows that Walter has recognised his responsibility and best interest for his family at heart. Walter’s character has evolved from a young child into manhood making him a hero of the family. Walter now has all the confidence to look Mr Lindner ‘absolutely in the eyes’ and tell him ‘we don’t want your money’. Walter finishes with a very definite statement. Doing this makes Mr Lindner feel as he is an obstruction and so should leave. The family are all excited about the wise decision Walter has made. The audience feel that in the beginning of the play Walter is selfish and money hungry because he doesn’t listen to any member of his family and only thinks about trying to get rich quickly. In the end Walter had realised what a fool he had been after losing the money his mother had trusted him with. Now he should listen to his families needs and do what he thinks is right. By making the wise decision of moving into the house he makes the audience feel as if he has become a true man and a hero to his family. Walter is virtually a new person now which people like more than what he was before. The character of Mr. Lindner makes the theme of racial discrimination prominent in the plot as an issue that the Youngers cannot avoid. The governing body of the Youngers’ new neighbourhood, the Clybourne Park Improvement Association, sends Mr. Lindner to persuade them not to move into the all-white neighbourhood. Mr. Lindner and the people he represents can only see the colour of the Younger family’s skin, and his offer to bribe the Youngers to keep them from moving threatens to tear apart the Younger family and the values for which it stands. Ultimately, the Youngers respond to this discrimination with defiance and strength. The play powerfully demonstrates that the way to deal with discrimination is to stand up to it and reassert one’s dignity in the face of it rather than allow it to pass unchecked. In my opinion I think Walter is like any other American- African in that time. He believes that money is the only thing he needs to solve all his problems but little does he know that he needs to listen to his family and not just himself. I also think that all the male roles such as Willy and his friends are bad influences on Walter as they persuaded him to give them his money which they ran off with. However the female roles such as mama and Ruth were a good influence as they all stuck together even when Walter was against them and helped Walter to see what he is throwing away. Lorraine Hansberry is trying to say that Black people in the 1950s experienced a life of discrimination in one way or another. They got here today by having defiance and strength in themselves. Even though they were not treated as equals by some white people, however they made a stand which gave them dignity and the power to be treated as equals. Though black people try to fit into a white neighbourhood they should still remember their roots and how they got here.